{"id":2144,"date":"2012-07-22T10:43:31","date_gmt":"2012-07-22T08:43:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/junjan.org\/wordpress\/?p=2144"},"modified":"2012-07-22T10:48:07","modified_gmt":"2012-07-22T08:48:07","slug":"la-celula-virtual","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/junjan.org\/wordpress\/2012\/07\/la-celula-virtual\/","title":{"rendered":"La c\u00e9lula virtual"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Uno de los\u00a0grandes\u00a0sue\u00f1os de la Biolog\u00eda es la creaci\u00f3n de una c\u00e9lula artificial, un modelo controlado que pudiera\u00a0utilizarse\u00a0para hacer predicciones de como funcionan los procesos celulares al igual que en f\u00edsica se puede predecir como funciona el universo con modelos simples. Como en un sistema mec\u00e1nico, podr\u00edamos ir a\u00f1adiendo piezas y ponerlas a prueba\u00a0f\u00e1cilmente\u00a0para luego trasladar los resultados a la vida real. En el dise\u00f1o de esta c\u00e9lula artificial se han seguido dos v\u00edas totalmente diferentes, como decimos los bi\u00f3logos, la h\u00fameda o la seca.<\/p>\n<p>La v\u00eda h\u00fameda (<a href=\"http:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/In_vitro\" target=\"_blank\">in vitro<\/a>) consiste en construir una c\u00e9lula totalmente artificial, pieza a pieza, un <a href=\"http:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Golem\" target=\"_blank\">golem<\/a> por decirlo de manera literaria. Un primer paso fue el dado por el laboratorio del famoso\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Craig_Venter\" target=\"_blank\">Craig Venter<\/a> donde desarrollaron una bacteria con<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/content\/329\/5987\/52.full\" target=\"_blank\">\u00a0informaci\u00f3n gen\u00e9tica sint\u00e9tica<\/a>, dise\u00f1ada en el laboratorio, aunque el resto de los componentes celulares fueron naturales. El siguiente paso en esta v\u00eda ser\u00e1 la creaci\u00f3n de una c\u00e9lula totalmente funcional donde todos sus componentes <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/108\/9\/3473.long\" target=\"_blank\">hayan sido ensamblados en el laboratorio<\/a>, algo que todav\u00eda parece lejano.<\/p>\n<p>La v\u00eda seca (<a href=\"http:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/In_silico\" target=\"_blank\">in silico<\/a>) o computacional consistir\u00eda en hacer una c\u00e9lula virtual en el ordenador que englobara toda la informaci\u00f3n sobre como funciona la c\u00e9lula real. En otras palabras, construir un simulador de la c\u00e9lula que incluya todo lo que conocemos sobre ella. Dicho as\u00ed parece f\u00e1cil, pero ha sido hasta hace poco un problema insoluble. Las aproximaciones\u00a0matem\u00e1ticas\u00a0que se hab\u00edan utilizado, aunque poderosas, no dieron lugar a buenas predicciones. En el \u00faltimo n\u00famero de la revista <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cell.com\/abstract\/S0092-8674(12)00776-3\" target=\"_blank\">Cell<\/a>, un equipo de la <a href=\"http:\/\/www.stanford.edu\/group\/covert\/\" target=\"_blank\">Universidad de Stanford<\/a>\u00a0liderado por Markus W. Covert ha creado por primera vez un modelo celular virtual de la bacteria\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mycoplasma_genitalium\" target=\"_blank\">Mycoplasma genitalium<\/a>, un par\u00e1sito urogenital cuyo genoma contiene 525 genes.\u00a0En resumen, los autores han incluido en su modelo el 100% del genoma de la bacteria, la informaci\u00f3n\u00a0incluida\u00a0en unas 1000 publicaciones sobre este organismo, unos 1900 diferentes par\u00e1metros y 28 sub-modelos de procesos celulares complejos, ensambl\u00e1ndolos con un complejo sistema matem\u00e1tico. Esta c\u00e9lula virtual ha conseguido reproducir el metabolismo de este microorganismo con un 80 % de precisi\u00f3n, y sobre todo, ha permitido deducir una nueva hip\u00f3tesis sobre la regulaci\u00f3n de la duraci\u00f3n del ciclo celular del Mycoplasma. Un gran avance que anuncia la llegada de la era de la Biolog\u00eda Virtual.<\/p>\n<div class=\"nv-iframe-embed\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Life Cycle of the First In silico Cell\" width=\"1200\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/au4sl9CjKFU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Ver:<\/p>\n<p>\u00ac\u00a0Creation of a Bacterial Cell Controlled by a Chemically Synthesized Genome. Gibson et. al 2010. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/content\/329\/5987\/52.full\" target=\"_blank\">Science<\/a><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>We report the design, synthesis, and assembly of the 1.08\u2013mega\u2013base pair\u00a0<em>Mycoplasma mycoides<\/em>\u00a0JCVI-syn1.0 genome starting from digitized genome sequence information and its transplantation into a\u00a0<em>M. capricolum<\/em>\u00a0recipient cell to create new\u00a0<em>M. mycoides<\/em>\u00a0cells that are controlled only by the synthetic chromosome. The only DNA in the cells is the designed synthetic DNA sequence, including \u201cwatermark\u201d sequences and other designed gene deletions and polymorphisms, and mutations acquired during the building process. The new cells have expected phenotypic properties and are capable of continuous self-replication.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u00ac Vida de Bote. 2010. <a href=\"http:\/\/elpais.com\/diario\/2010\/05\/21\/sociedad\/1274392801_850215.html\" target=\"_blank\">El Pa\u00eds<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u00ac\u00a0Development of an artificial cell, from self-organization to computation and self-reproduction.\u00a0Noireaux et al. 2011\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/108\/9\/3473.long\" target=\"_blank\">PNAS<\/a><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>This article describes the state and the development of an artificial cell project. We discuss the experimental constraints to synthesize the most elementary cell-sized compartment that can self-reproduce using synthetic genetic information. The original idea was to program a phospholipid vesicle with DNA. Based on this idea, it was shown that in vitro gene expression could be carried out inside cell-sized synthetic vesicles. It was also shown that a couple of genes could be expressed for a few days inside the vesicles once the exchanges of nutrients with the outside environment were adequately introduced. The development of a cell-free transcription\/translation toolbox allows the expression of a large number of genes with multiple transcription factors. As a result, the development of a synthetic DNA program is becoming one of the main hurdles. We discuss the various possibilities to enrich and to replicate this program. Defining a program for self-reproduction remains a difficult question as nongenetic processes, such as molecular self-organization, play an essential and complementary role. The synthesis of a stable compartment with an active interface, one of the critical bottlenecks in the synthesis of artificial cell, depends on the properties of phospholipid membranes. The problem of a self-replicating artificial cell is a long-lasting goal that might imply evolution experiments.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u00ac A Whole-Cell Computational Model Predicts Phenotype from Genotype. Karr et al. 2012 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cell.com\/abstract\/S0092-8674(12)00776-3\" target=\"_blank\">Cell<\/a>\u00a0(Necesita suscripci\u00f3n)<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Understanding how complex phenotypes arise from individual molecules and their interactions is\u00a0a primary challenge in biology that computational approaches are poised to tackle. We report\u00a0a whole-cell computational model of the life cycle of the human pathogen\u00a0<em>Mycoplasma genitalium<\/em>\u00a0that includes all of its molecular components and their interactions. An integrative approach to modeling that combines diverse mathematics enabled the simultaneous inclusion of fundamentally different cellular processes and experimental measurements. Our whole-cell model accounts for all annotated gene functions and was validated against a broad range of data. The model provides insights into many previously unobserved cellular behaviors, including in\u00a0vivo rates of protein-DNA association and an inverse relationship between the durations of DNA replication initiation and replication. In addition, experimental analysis directed by model predictions identified previously undetected kinetic parameters and biological functions. We conclude that comprehensive whole-cell models can be used to facilitate biological discovery.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Uno de los\u00a0grandes\u00a0sue\u00f1os de la Biolog\u00eda es la creaci\u00f3n de una c\u00e9lula artificial, un modelo controlado que pudiera\u00a0utilizarse\u00a0para hacer predicciones de como funcionan los procesos celulares al igual que en f\u00edsica se puede predecir como funciona el universo con modelos simples. Como en un sistema mec\u00e1nico, podr\u00edamos ir a\u00f1adiendo piezas y ponerlas a prueba\u00a0f\u00e1cilmente\u00a0para luego&hellip;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/junjan.org\/wordpress\/2012\/07\/la-celula-virtual\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Leer m\u00e1s &raquo;<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">La c\u00e9lula virtual<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[43],"tags":[891,892,893,214],"class_list":["post-2144","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ciencia","tag-biologia","tag-biologia-virtual","tag-celulas","tag-ciencia-2"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/junjan.org\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2144","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/junjan.org\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/junjan.org\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/junjan.org\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/junjan.org\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2144"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/junjan.org\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2144\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2153,"href":"https:\/\/junjan.org\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2144\/revisions\/2153"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/junjan.org\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2144"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/junjan.org\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2144"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/junjan.org\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2144"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}